People currently receiving SNAP or Medicaid may get reduced benefits or lose eligibility if they cannot meet new work or job-training requirements. Canceling clean-energy tax credits means people will no longer be able to reduce their tax bill by buying electric vehicles or installing solar panels.

HR 1 reshapes taxes, Medicaid, and student loans

Q: What does it cost, and who pays?

States with high error rates in benefit programs will face new costs. People applying for immigration benefits will pay higher fees. New cost-sharing requirements mean some Medicaid recipients may pay more out of pocket.

Signed into lawH.R. 1Latest action Jul 4, 2025

Sponsor: Jodey C. Arrington · Representative · TX

AIDecoded by AI · checked against the record

Read the official text

Official title: An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

119th Congress

Topics: Jobs & the economy

Introduced: May 20, 2025

Read the official bill on Congress.gov

In plain words

The plain-language version comes first. The official text is always the reference.

A sweeping new law changes taxes, food and health benefits, student loans, energy policy, and immigration fees for most Americans.

60-second read · 5 questions answered below

What does this do?

This law makes major changes across many parts of the federal government at once. It extends lower tax rates and raises the child , while ending most clean-energy tax credits. It also tightens eligibility rules for food and health assistance programs, changes student loan limits and repayment options, expands fossil fuel leasing on federal lands, and raises the federal .

Who does it affect?

Nearly every American is affected in some way. People who receive SNAP food assistance or Medicaid, students and parents borrowing for college, workers who earn tips or overtime, and people applying for immigration benefits will see some of the most direct changes.

Why does it matter?

People currently receiving SNAP or Medicaid may get reduced benefits or lose eligibility if they cannot meet new work or job-training requirements. Canceling clean-energy means people will no longer be able to reduce their tax bill by buying electric vehicles or installing solar panels.

What does it cost, and who pays?

Higher fees for immigration benefits
Some Medicaid recipients pay more out-of-pocket
States with high error rates face new costs

AI-drafted summary. Check it against the official text before you act on it.

Read the official bill on Congress.gov

No call to make

This is law.

Where does it stand?

IntroducedMay 20, 2025
House committee
House vote
Senate
The president's desk

Right now: the president signed it. It's law.Now law

Latest action: July 4, 2025 — Became Public Law No: 119-21.

Recorded votes

Roll-call votes recorded since January 3, 2025.

House · July 3, 2025 · Roll call 190
As recorded
Question
On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendment
Result:
Passed
218
Nay
214
0
0
Republicans 218 yes, 2 no · Democrats 212 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 372
As recorded
Question
On Passage of the Bill H.R. 1
Result:
Bill Passed
50
Nay
50
0
0
Republicans 50 yes, 3 no · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
The vice president's : Yea
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 371
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Agreed to
50
Nay
50
0
0
Republicans 50 yes, 3 no · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
The vice president's : Yea
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record

44 earlier votes

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 370
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2848 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Agreed to
50
Nay
50
0
0
Republicans 50 yes, 3 no · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
The vice president's : Yea
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 369
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2849 to S.Amdt. 2848 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1
Result:
Amendment Rejected
45
Nay
55
0
0
Republicans 2 yes, 51 no · Democrats 41 yes, 4 no · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 368
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2585 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
50
Nay
50
0
0
Republicans 3 yes, 50 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 367
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2847 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
50
Nay
50
0
0
Republicans 3 yes, 50 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 366
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2564 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
49
Nay
51
0
0
Republicans 2 yes, 51 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 365
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2719 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
48
Nay
52
0
0
Republicans 1 yes, 52 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 364
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2717 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 363
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2814 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Agreed to
99
Nay
1
0
0
Republicans 52 yes, 1 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 362
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2435 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 361
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2817 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
48
Nay
52
0
0
Republicans 1 yes, 52 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 360
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2745 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
21
Nay
79
0
0
Republicans 21 yes, 32 no · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 359
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Warnock Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
48
Nay
51
0
1
Republicans 1 yes, 51 no, 1 not voting · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 358
As recorded
Question
On the Amendment S.Amdt. 2382 to S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Amendment Rejected
50
Nay
50
0
0
Republicans 3 yes, 50 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 357
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Wyden Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 356
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive All Applicable Budgetary Discipline Re: Kennedy Amdt. No. 2775)
Result:
Motion Rejected
54
Nay
46
0
0
Republicans 53 yes · Democrats 45 no · Independents 1 yes, 1 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 355
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 302(f) of the CBA Re: Collins Amdt. No. 2812)
Result:
Motion Rejected
22
Nay
78
0
0
Republicans 18 yes, 35 no · Democrats 3 yes, 42 no · Independents 1 yes, 1 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 354
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Bennet Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 353
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Padilla Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 352
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 313(b)(1)(A) of the Congressional Budget Act Re: Kennedy Amdt. No. 2772 )
Result:
Motion Rejected
42
Nay
58
0
0
Republicans 8 yes, 45 no · Democrats 32 yes, 13 no · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 351
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Schiff Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 350
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Duckworth Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
49
Nay
51
0
0
Republicans 2 yes, 51 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 349
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Hassan Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
48
Nay
52
0
0
Republicans 1 yes, 52 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 348
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Gallego Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 347
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Blumenthal Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Armed Services with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 346
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Kaine Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 345
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 313 (b)(1)(D) of the CBA Re: Amdt. No. 2401)
Result:
Motion Rejected
53
Nay
47
0
0
Republicans 53 yes · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 344
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 302(F) of the CBA Re: Murray Amdt. No. 2771)
Result:
Motion Rejected
49
Nay
51
0
0
Republicans 2 yes, 51 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 343
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 313(b)(1)(D) of the Congressional Budget Act Re: Merkley Amdt. No. 2446)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 342
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 313(b)(1)(D) of the CBA Re: Cornyn Amdt. No. 2705)
Result:
Motion Rejected
56
Nay
44
0
0
Republicans 52 yes, 1 no · Democrats 4 yes, 41 no · Independents 2 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 341
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 302(F) of the CBA Re: Amdt. No. 2414)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 340
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Blunt Rochester Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
48
Nay
52
0
0
Republicans 1 yes, 52 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 339
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 302(F) of the CBA Re: Amdt. No. 2696)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 338
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Reed Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
48
Nay
52
0
0
Republicans 1 yes, 52 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 337
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Lujan Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
49
Nay
51
0
0
Republicans 2 yes, 51 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 336
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
48
Nay
52
0
0
Republicans 1 yes, 52 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 335
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Wyden Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 334
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Waive Section 425(a)(2) of the CBA re: H.R. 1)
Result:
Motion Agreed to
51
Nay
48
0
1
Republicans 51 yes, 1 no, 1 not voting · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 333
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
49
Nay
51
0
0
Republicans 2 yes, 51 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 332
As recorded
Question
On the Motion (Schumer Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions)
Result:
Motion Rejected
47
Nay
53
0
0
Republicans 53 no · Democrats 45 yes · Independents 2 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 331
As recorded
Question
On the Decision of the Chair H.R. 1
Result:
Decision of Chair Sustained
53
Nay
47
0
0
Republicans 53 yes · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 330
As recorded
Question
On the Decision of the Chair S.Amdt. 2360 to H.R. 1 (No short title on file)
Result:
Decision of Chair Sustained
53
Nay
47
0
0
Republicans 53 yes · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
Senate · June 28, 2025 · Roll call 329
As recorded
Question
On the H.R. 1
Result:
Motion to Proceed Agreed to
51
Nay
49
0
0
Republicans 51 yes, 2 no · Democrats 45 no · Independents 2 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
House · May 22, 2025 · Roll call 145
As recorded
Question
On Passage
Result:
Passed
215
Nay
214
1
2
Republicans 215 yes, 2 no, 1 present, 2 not voting · Democrats 212 no
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record
House · May 22, 2025 · Roll call 144
As recorded
Question
On
Result:
Failed
212
Nay
216
0
4
Republicans 216 no, 4 not voting · Democrats 212 yes
Official record
How members voted
The official record lists how each member voted.Official record

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How it's being covered

Coverage of this bill from across the press. Each outlet's political lean is labeled where AllSides has rated it, and marked "Not rated" where it has not.

Newest of these articles: Oct 7, 2026

kff.org
Not rated
Which States Will Be Affected by Key Medicaid Provisions in the 2025 Reconciliation Law?
Oct 7, 2026
“The 2025 reconciliation law makes sweeping changes to Medicaid that will affect every state through key eligibility and financing changes, including new work re...” — kff.org
jotwell.com
Not rated
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act: Passing Anomaly or Health System Death Blow?
Oct 6, 2026
“Gabriel Scheffler, Affordable Care Act Retrenchment, 102 Ind. L. J.___ (forthcoming, 2026), available at SSRN (July 15, 2026).Christina S. HoEven as the ho...” — jotwell.com
wral.com
Not rated
New SNAP costs take effect in North Carolina on Oct. 1
Oct 1, 2026
“North Carolina taxpayers will take on an estimated additional $85 million a year in SNAP administrative costs under a new federal law.” — wral.com
denverpost.com
Not rated
Thousands of legal immigrants in Colorado to lose Medicaid coverage this week
Sep 30, 2026
“An estimated 5,000[ documented immigrants living in Colorado will lose access to Medicaid starting Thursday under one of the first major changes to come from H....” — denverpost.com
kff.org
Not rated
Implementation of Medicaid Immigrant Eligibility Restrictions Under the 2025 Reconciliation Law: Issues to Consider
Sep 22, 2026
“The 2025 reconciliation law includes new eligibility restrictions for many lawfully present immigrants for Medicaid and CHIP that become effective October 1, 20...” — kff.org

Lean labels describe the news outlet, not this bill or any party. Ratings by AllSides.

In plain words

What does this do?

Who does it affect?

Why does it matter?

What does it cost, and who pays?

No call to make

Where does it stand?

Recorded votes

House · July 3, 2025 · Roll call 190

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 372

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 371

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 370

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 369

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 368

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 367

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 366

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 365

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 364

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 363

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 362

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 361

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 360

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 359

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 358

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 357

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 356

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 355

Senate · July 1, 2025 · Roll call 354

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 353

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 352

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 351

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 350

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 349

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 348

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 347

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 346

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 345

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 344

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 343

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 342

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 341

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 340

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 339

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 338

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 337

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 336

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 335

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 334

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 333

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 332

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 331

Senate · June 30, 2025 · Roll call 330

Senate · June 28, 2025 · Roll call 329

House · May 22, 2025 · Roll call 145

House · May 22, 2025 · Roll call 144

How it's being covered